While ideally, parties to a Texas divorce can resolve matters amicably, some high net worth divorces can lead to years of ongoing litigation. In a recent case, a former husband appealed an order requiring him to pay the former wife $100,000.  This appeal was the third appeal arising from the parties’ 2019 divorce.

Both parties had challenged the property division in the original divorce decree. In the first appeal, the appeals court concluded the trial court had mischaracterized certain property, with a difference of more than $1 million to the ex-wife.  The appeals court therefore concluded that a mischaracterization of that amount affected the just and right division of the community estate and remanded for a new property division.

The ex-husband appealed the second decree, arguing that there should have been a new trial on remand because several of the properties had changed form since the original decree or no longer existed. He argued the trial court erred when it refused to consider evidence of changes in the property after the divorce.  The appeals court rejected this argument, noting that the community assets are generally valued as of the date of the divorce.  The trial court could have reasonably determined that the changes could later be addressed in an enforcement proceeding. The appeals court affirmed the 2023 decree.

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A court may grant a Texas divorce based on cruel treatment of one spouse toward the other if it “renders further living together insupportable.” “Cruelty” has been defined in Texas case law as an act endangering or threatening “life, limb or health. . .including. . .any infliction of mental pain or anguish.” Daughtry v. Daughtry.  A father recently challenged the decree granting a divorce on the ground of cruelty.

According to the appeals court, the parties married in Cameroon and moved to the U.S. The mother and older child moved to Washington, D.C. while the mother was pregnant with the younger child.

The father petitioned for divorce in December 2022.  The mother argued D.C. should have jurisdiction as the children’s home state. The district court found Texas was the older child’s home state, but left the question of jurisdiction over the younger child to a D.C. court. The D.C. Court determined it had jurisdiction and awarded sole custody of the younger child to the mother.

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A settlement agreement in a Texas divorce can allow the parties an amicable resolution, avoiding lengthy and contentious litigation.  In some cases, however, a party may wish to repudiate the agreement or revoke their consent to the agreement.  A party may revoke consent to an agreement before rendition of the divorce. See Tex. Fam. Code § 7.006(a).  In a recent high net worth divorce case, a former wife challenged the final divorce decree, arguing she had revoked consent to the parties’ settlement agreement.

According to the appeals court, the parties were married for nearly 38 years when they petitioned for divorce. According to the appeals court, the wife’s proposed property division valued the marital estate at more than $5 million. The parties reached an agreement during the trial on April 22, 2024.  The trial court stated it would adopt the agreement. It also stated it “will grant [the] divorce based on insupportability and. . .will accept the agreement. . .”  After being asked by the husband’s attorney, the court stated it “rendered that today. . .”

Both parties and their attorneys signed a copy of the agreement titled “Judge’s Order” and it was signed by the court and file-marked in April.

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The purpose of Texas spousal maintenance is to give temporary support to a spouse whose ability to provide for their own needs has been diminished and who does not have sufficient assets to support themselves.  Spousal maintenance may be ordered if the spouse meets certain statutory criteria.  For a marriage that has lasted at least 10 years, the court may award maintenance if the spouse has insufficient property and lacks the ability to earn sufficient income to provide for their minimum reasonable needs.  Tex. Fam. Code § 8.051(2)(B).  Texas has a rebuttable presumption against maintenance unless the spouse has been diligent in earning sufficient income or developing skills to do so while separated and while the divorce is pending.  Tex. Fam. Code . § 8.053(a). If the spouse rebuts the presumption, the trial court considers certain statutory factors in determining any maintenance award.  Tex. Fam. Code § 8.052.  A spousal maintenance award generally cannot exceed the lesser of $5,000 or 20% of the spouse’s average gross monthly income. Tex. Fam. Code § 8.055.  A former husband recently challenged a spousal maintenance award to his former wife of over 30 years.

The parties married in 1988.  The husband was a real-estate broker and ordained minister.  He admitted his pornography addiction and past adultery to the wife in February 2023.  The wife subsequently moved in with their daughter.

The wife petitioned for divorce in September 2023 on the grounds of cruelty and adultery.  She requested a disproportionate share of the marital estate and spousal maintenance.

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Property divisions in Texas divorces are intended to be final.  Although a party may appeal or seek to enforce a property division, they generally cannot relitigate it in a separate lawsuit.  Sometimes, however, the divorce decree does not adjudicate all of the parties’ property.  A former spouse may file suit to divide property that was not divided in the decree. Tex. Fam. Code § 9.201.

In a recent case, a former husband filed suit to divide property that he alleged had not been divided in the parties’ 2009 divorce.

According to the ex-husband’s pleading, the parties got married in 1981.  He alleged the ex-wife bought property in Colorado while they were married, but that property was not addressed in the 2009 decree because they “agreed to divide the property among themselves later.” He also alleged the ex-wife notified him she would not comply with the agreement in 2023 and transferred the property to someone else.  The ex-husband requested clarification that the property in Colorado was community property and asked for a one-half interest in it, along with fees and costs.

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Texas spouses may agree in writing to partition or exchange some or all of their community property between themselves such that the property becomes the separate property of one spouse.  A former wife recently challenged her divorce decree, arguing the trial court erred in awarding a reimbursement claim against her, reducing the spousal maintenance below the amount stated in the parties’ agreement, and including contingencies on the spousal maintenance that were not in the agreement.

According to the appeals court’s opinion, the parties married in 2006. They signed a Marital Property Partition and Exchange Agreement in 2020 that made two pieces of property the wife’s sole and separate property.  She agreed to be responsible for the debt associated with them.  The husband, however, made some of those payments from his community property income until the date of divorce.

The couple stopped living together in 2022 and the husband petitioned for divorce. The court enforced the agreement, but divided the other property according to the husband’s proposed division.

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Property division in a Texas divorce can be complicated when there is a business involved.  In a recent case, a former husband challenged a property division that divided assets belonging to his business entities.

According to the appeals court, the husband formed two businesses before the marriage.  He said he purchased property, including rental houses in Florida and vacant lots in Texas, to be used by the businesses with money he brought when he moved from Puerto Rico. The wife worked at one or more of the husband’s businesses during the marriage.

The husband and both businesses bought and sold multiple commercial vehicles and trailers while the parties were married.

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In a Texas divorce, “special community property” is community property that is under the sole management, control, and disposition of one spouse. Tex. Fam. Code § 3.102(a).  Although special community property is under the sole management, control, and disposition of one spouse, disposition of that property must be fair to the other spouse.

When a spouse shows the other spouse disposed of community property without their consent or knowledge, there is a presumption of constructive fraud. The other spouse then has the burden of showing the disposition was fair.  The court considers the relative size of the property to the total community estate, the adequacy of the rest of the estate, and the relationship of the parties involved in the disposition.  In a recent case, a husband challenged the divorce decree that stated he had committed fraud on the community estate.

The parties had two children together.  The husband’s two children from a previous relationship were adults by the time of the divorce. Each party alleged constructive and actual fraud on the community estate by the other.

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Sometimes a party to a Texas divorce may have difficulty collecting what has been awarded to them. Pursuant to the Texas turnover statute, a judgment creditor may ask the court to assist them in reaching the judgment debtor’s non-exempt property.  The court is authorized to take a number of actions, including appointing a receiver. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 31.002.  Appointment of a receiver is considered an “extraordinary remedy” and should not occur if there is a lesser remedy available. Gilbreath v. Horan.  Although a receiver may be appointed in a divorce case, the turnover statute is not limited to divorce cases.  In a recent case, a former wife requested a receiver to satisfy a judgment against her former husband following his divorce from his second wife.

According to the appeals court’s opinion, the former husband remarried after the parties’ divorce in 2011.  He and his second wife divorced in 2018.  The first wife argued the property division in the husband’s second divorce constituted a fraudulent transfer to the second wife to avoid debts he owed the first wife.

The parties divorced in Arkansas in 2011.  The husband was ordered to pay $250,223 to a business and $8,000 to the first wife for attorney’s fees.  According to the first wife, she sought garnishment against multiple banks in February 2018 and was awarded $70,000 in one of those actions, partly based on her sole ownership of the business.

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The Texas Family Code sets out the circumstances under which Texas spousal maintenance may be ordered. The court may order maintenance to a spouse only if they will lack sufficient property after the divorce to provide for their minimum reasonable needs.  The spouse must also meet one of three conditions, either: (A) being unable to earn sufficient income to meet their minimum reasonable needs because of an incapacitating disability; (B) having been married for at least 10 years and lacking the ability to earn sufficient income; or (C) being the custodian of a child of the marriage who has a disability and requires substantial care and supervision that prevents the spouse from earning sufficient income. Tex. Fam. Code § 8.051. It is generally within the court’s discretion to determine a spouse’s “minimum reasonable needs.”

The Texas Supreme Court recently considered the nature of evidence required to support a spousal maintenance award.

The wife stopped working outside the home to become their primary caregiver to the parties’ triplets.  One of them was a “medically fragile child” who needed extensive medical treatment.

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